Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 1, February 2024, pages 47-55

Evaluation of the Existence of Post-COVID-19 Tachycardia in a Community Healthcare System

Figure 2. Percentage of patients with post-COVID-19 tachycardia (PCT). COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019.

**Table 1.** Definition of Resolution of COVID-19 Infection and Criteria for PCT
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; PCT: post-COVID-19 tachycardia.
Resolution of COVID-19 infection	Negative repeat (second) COVID-19 test in the inpatient setting during the same admission
	Time of more than/equal to 10 days duration after symptoms onset and after resolution of fever for at least 24 h and improvement of symptoms
	Document formal diagnosis of post-COVID-19 syndrome
	Time of 3 days prior to discharge or at the day of discharge
Criteria for PCT	A documented formal diagnosis of sinus tachycardia
	Sinus tachycardia was recorded between 7:00 pm to 6:00 am on 3 separate days
	Sinus tachycardia recorded between 12:00 am to 6:00 am on the day of discharge
	Persistent tachycardia on three separate occasions in a day for at least 3 days

Table 1. Definition of Resolution of COVID-19 Infection and Criteria for PCT

COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; PCT: post-COVID-19 tachycardia.

Resolution of COVID-19 infection

Negative repeat (second) COVID-19 test in the inpatient setting during the same admission

Time of more than/equal to 10 days duration after symptoms onset and after resolution of fever for at least 24 h and improvement of symptoms

Document formal diagnosis of post-COVID-19 syndrome

Time of 3 days prior to discharge or at the day of discharge

Criteria for PCT

A documented formal diagnosis of sinus tachycardia

Sinus tachycardia was recorded between 7:00 pm to 6:00 am on 3 separate days

Sinus tachycardia recorded between 12:00 am to 6:00 am on the day of discharge

Persistent tachycardia on three separate occasions in a day for at least 3 days

**Table 2.** Association of Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Developing Post-COVID-19 Tachycardia
	B	SE	Wald	df	Significance	Exp(B)	95% CI for Exp(B)
SE: standard error; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CI: confidence interval.
Other			21.971	4	0.000
Commercial	1.152	0.352	10.716	1	0.001	3.163	1.587	6.303
Medicaid	0.300	0.302	0.984	1	0.321	1.349	0.746	2.440
Medicare	0.3555	0.330	1.156	1	0.282	1.426	0.746	2.726
Self-pay	0.156	0.307	0.260	1	0.610	1.169	0.641	2.133
Age	-0.006	0.004	2.285	1	0.131	0.994	0.986	1.002
Length of stay	-0.104	0.012	68.743	1	< 0.001	0.902	0.880	0.924
Never smoked				1	11.839	3
Former smoker	0.899	0.463	3.767	1	0.052	2.457	0.991	6.090
Current smoker	0.569	0.468	1.1476	1	0.224	1.767	0.705	4.424
Unknown smoker	1.193	0.494	5.840	1	0.016	3.297	1.253	8.674
COVID-19 severity	-0.287	0.135	4.510	1	0.034	0.750	0.575	0.978
Constant	-0.780	0.552	1.997	1	0.158	0.458

Table 2. Association of Demographics and Clinical Characteristics for Developing Post-COVID-19 Tachycardia

Wald

Significance

Exp(B)

95% CI for Exp(B)

Lower

Upper

SE: standard error; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CI: confidence interval.

Other

21.971

0.000

Commercial

1.152

0.352

10.716

0.001

3.163

1.587

6.303

Medicaid

0.300

0.302

0.984

0.321

1.349

0.746

2.440

Medicare

0.3555

0.330

1.156

0.282

1.426

0.746

2.726

Self-pay

0.156

0.307

0.260

0.610

1.169

0.641

2.133

Age

-0.006

0.004

2.285

0.131

0.994

0.986

1.002

Length of stay

-0.104

0.012

68.743

< 0.001

0.902

0.880

0.924

Never smoked

11.839

Former smoker

0.899

0.463

3.767

0.052

2.457

0.991

6.090

Current smoker

0.569

0.468

1.1476

0.224

1.767

0.705

4.424

Unknown smoker

1.193

0.494

5.840

0.016

3.297

1.253

8.674

COVID-19 severity

-0.287

0.135

4.510

0.034

0.750

0.575

0.978

Constant

-0.780

0.552

1.997

0.158

0.458

**Table 3.** Secondary Outcomes (Race, Financial Status, Age, Gender, Comorbidities, COVID-19 Severity and Readmission Rate)
	No PCT	PCT	Total
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; PCT: post-COVID-19 tachycardia.
Race
White	834	823.8	74.60%	0.4	284	294.2	25.40%	-0.6	1,118	1,118
African American	107	110.5	71.30%	0.3	43	39.5	28.70%	0.6	150	150
Asian	10	11.8	62.50%	0.5	6	4.2	37.50%	0.9	16	16
Other	96	100.2	70.60%	0.4	40	35.8	29.40%	0.7	136	136
Financial status/insurance
Commercial	222	235.1	69.60%	0.9	97	83.9	30.40%	1.4	319	319
Medicaid	82	90.6	66.70%	0.9	41	32.4	33.30%	1.5	123	123
Medicare	630	582.8	79.60%	2	161	208.2	20.40%	-3.3	791	791
Self-pay	51	55.3	68%	0.6	24	19.7	32%	1	75	75
Other	65	86.2	55.60%	2.3	52	30.8	44.40%	3.8	117	117
Age
Less than 65	506	536.4	69.50%	1.3	222	191.6	30.50%	2.2	728	728
65 - 75	212	191.6	81.50%	1.5	48	68.4	18.50%	-2.5	260	260
Over 75	332_b	322	76.00%	0.6	105	115	24.00%	-0.9	437	437
Gender
Male	524	518	74.50%	0.3	179	185	25.50%	-0.4	703	703
Female	526	532	72.90%	0.3	196	190	27.10%	0.4	722	722
Comorbidities
0	209	229	20.40%	1.3	101	81	27.90%	2.2	310	310	22.40%
1	259	245.3	25.30%	0.9	73	86.7	20.20%	-1.5	332	332	24.00%
2	177	181.7	17.30%	0.4	69	64.3	19.10%	0.6	246	246	17.70%
3	174	160.3	17.00%	1.1	43	56.7	11.90%	-1.8	217	217	15.70%
4+	205	207.6	20.00%	0.2	76	73.4	21.00%	0.3	281	281	20.30%
COVID-19 severity
Less severe	575	600.5		-1	240	214.5		1.7	815	815
More severe	475	449.5		1.2	135	160.5		-2	610	610
Readmission rates
No 30-day readmission	943	925.5	75.10%	0.6	313	330.5	24.90%	-1	1,256	1,256	88.10%
30-day readmission	107	124.5	63.30%	1.6	62	44.5	36.70%	2.6	169	169	11.90%

Table 3. Secondary Outcomes (Race, Financial Status, Age, Gender, Comorbidities, COVID-19 Severity and Readmission Rate)

No PCT

PCT

Total

Count

Expected count

Percentage within groups (race, insurance, age, gender, comorbidities, COVID-19 severity, and readmissions)

Standardized residual

Count

Expected count

Percentage within race group

Standardized residual

Count

Expected count

Percentage within PCT

COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; PCT: post-COVID-19 tachycardia.

Race

White

834

823.8

74.60%

0.4

284

294.2

25.40%

-0.6

1,118

African American

107

110.5

71.30%

0.3

39.5

28.70%

0.6

150

Asian

11.8

62.50%

0.5

4.2

37.50%

0.9

Other

100.2

70.60%

0.4

35.8

29.40%

0.7

136

Financial status/insurance

Commercial

222

235.1

69.60%

0.9

83.9

30.40%

1.4

319

Medicaid

90.6

66.70%

0.9

32.4

33.30%

1.5

123

Medicare

630

582.8

79.60%

161

208.2

20.40%

-3.3

791

Self-pay

55.3

68%

0.6

19.7

32%

Other

86.2

55.60%

2.3

30.8

44.40%

3.8

117

Age

Less than 65

506

536.4

69.50%

1.3

222

191.6

30.50%

2.2

728

65 - 75

212

191.6

81.50%

1.5

68.4

18.50%

-2.5

260

Over 75

332_b

322

76.00%

0.6

105

115

24.00%

-0.9

437

Gender

Male

524

518

74.50%

0.3

179

185

25.50%

-0.4

703

Female

526

532

72.90%

0.3

196

190

27.10%

0.4

722

Comorbidities

209

229

20.40%

1.3

101

27.90%

2.2

310

22.40%

259

245.3

25.30%

0.9

86.7

20.20%

-1.5

332

24.00%

177

181.7

17.30%

0.4

64.3

19.10%

0.6

246

17.70%

174

160.3

17.00%

1.1

56.7

11.90%

-1.8

217

15.70%

205

207.6

20.00%

0.2

73.4

21.00%

0.3

281

20.30%

COVID-19 severity

Less severe

575

600.5

-1

240

214.5

1.7

815

More severe

475

449.5

1.2

135

160.5

-2

610

Readmission rates

No 30-day readmission

943

925.5

75.10%

0.6

313

330.5

24.90%

-1

1,256

88.10%

30-day readmission

107

124.5

63.30%

1.6

44.5

36.70%

2.6

169

11.90%