Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 5, October 2023, pages 387-395

Association Between the Presence of Coronary Artery Disease or Peripheral Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Mass in Patients Who Have Undergone Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography

Figure 1. LV profiles in the non-CAD and CAD groups. *P < 0.05. CAD: coronary artery disease; LV: left ventricular; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume.

Figure 2. LV profiles in the non-PAD and PAD groups. PAD: peripheral artery disease; LV: left ventricular; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume.

**Table 1.** Patient Characteristics in the Non-CAD and CAD Groups
	Non-CAD group	CAD group	Non-CAD vs. CAD group
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBG: fasting blood glucose; DL: dyslipidemia; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H-C: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS: metabolic syndrome; VD: vessel disease; CAC: coronary artery calcium; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DU: diuretic; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; SU: sulfonylurea; α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; DPP4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.
Age (years)	62 ± 13	69 ± 10	< 0.001
Gender (male) (%)	41	57.2	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.0 ± 4.0	23.8 ± 3.7	0.348
BSA (m²)	1.6 ± 0.21	1.6 ± 0.19	0.438
Family history (%)	23.3	21.5	0.457
Smoking (%)	29.6	38.8	< 0.001
HTN (%)	55	75.7	< 0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	133 ± 18	139 ± 21	< 0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	78 ± 13	79 ± 13	0.28
DM (%)	18.5	32.2	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.9 ± 0.9	6.1 ± 0.9	< 0.001
FBG (mg/dL)	105 ± 43	113 ± 50	< 0.001
DL (%)	62.2	73.7	< 0.001
TG (mg/dL)	128 ± 100	141 ± 90	0.027
HDL-C (mg/dL)	60 ± 16	54 ± 15	< 0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	117 ± 32	113 ± 32	0.015
L/H	2.25	2.23	0.894
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)	145 ± 38	144 ± 69	0.70
CKD (%)	22.9	32	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	70 ± 15.2	66 ± 16.7	< 0.001
MetS (%)	19.4	31.1	< 0.001
VD	0 ± 0.12	1.88 ± 0.82	< 0.001
CAC score	35 ± 142	457 ± 986	< 0.001
Gensini score	2.5 ± 3.7	20.7 ± 19.7	< 0.001
Medications
ACEI/ARB (%)	29.5	43.2	< 0.001
CCB (%)	31	46.8	< 0.001
β-blocker (%)	6.4	11.4	0.001
DU (%)	7.1	9.8	0.079
Statin (%)	24.5	38.8	< 0.001
EPA (%)	2.4	3.2	0.383
SU (%)	4.1	8.6	< 0.001
α-GI (%)	1.4	3.2	0.024
Biguanide (%)	4.7	8	0.015
Thiazolizine (%)	2.1	2.8	0.453
DPP4I (%)	7.8	13.1	< 0.001
Insulin (%)	2.4	2.8	0.701

Table 1. Patient Characteristics in the Non-CAD and CAD Groups

Non-CAD group

CAD group

Non-CAD vs. CAD group

N = 658

N = 650

P value

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBG: fasting blood glucose; DL: dyslipidemia; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H-C: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS: metabolic syndrome; VD: vessel disease; CAC: coronary artery calcium; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DU: diuretic; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; SU: sulfonylurea; α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; DPP4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.

Age (years)

62 ± 13

69 ± 10

< 0.001

Gender (male) (%)

57.2

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.0 ± 4.0

23.8 ± 3.7

0.348

BSA (m²)

1.6 ± 0.21

1.6 ± 0.19

0.438

Family history (%)

23.3

21.5

0.457

Smoking (%)

29.6

38.8

< 0.001

HTN (%)

75.7

< 0.001

SBP (mm Hg)

133 ± 18

139 ± 21

< 0.001

DBP (mm Hg)

78 ± 13

79 ± 13

0.28

DM (%)

18.5

32.2

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.9 ± 0.9

6.1 ± 0.9

< 0.001

FBG (mg/dL)

105 ± 43

113 ± 50

< 0.001

DL (%)

62.2

73.7

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

128 ± 100

141 ± 90

0.027

HDL-C (mg/dL)

60 ± 16

54 ± 15

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

117 ± 32

113 ± 32

0.015

L/H

2.25

2.23

0.894

Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)

145 ± 38

144 ± 69

0.70

CKD (%)

22.9

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

70 ± 15.2

66 ± 16.7

< 0.001

MetS (%)

19.4

31.1

< 0.001

0 ± 0.12

1.88 ± 0.82

< 0.001

CAC score

35 ± 142

457 ± 986

< 0.001

Gensini score

2.5 ± 3.7

20.7 ± 19.7

< 0.001

Medications

ACEI/ARB (%)

29.5

43.2

< 0.001

CCB (%)

46.8

< 0.001

β-blocker (%)

6.4

11.4

0.001

DU (%)

7.1

9.8

0.079

Statin (%)

24.5

38.8

< 0.001

EPA (%)

2.4

3.2

0.383

SU (%)

4.1

8.6

< 0.001

α-GI (%)

1.4

3.2

0.024

Biguanide (%)

4.7

0.015

Thiazolizine (%)

2.1

2.8

0.453

DPP4I (%)

7.8

13.1

< 0.001

Insulin (%)

2.4

2.8

0.701

**Table 2.** Patient Characteristics in the Non-PAD and PAD Groups
	Non-PAD group	PAD group	Non-PAD vs. PAD group
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. PAD: peripheral artery disease; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBG: fasting blood glucose; DL: dyslipidemia; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H-C: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS: metabolic syndrome; VD: vessel disease; CACS: coronary artery calcium score; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DU: diuretic; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; SU: sulfonylurea; α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; DPP4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.
Age (years)	65 ± 12	70 ± 10	< 0.001
Gender (male) (%)	48.6	61.9	0.04
BMI (kg/m²)	24.0 ± 4.0	23.8 ± 4.5	0.86
BSA (m²)	1.6 ± 0.2	1.6 ± 0.19	0.94
Family history (%)	22.7	12.7	0.06
Smoking (%)	33.5	52.4	0.002
HTN (%)	64.5	79.4	0.016
SBP (mm Hg)	136 ± 19	141 ± 20	0.04
DBP (mm Hg)	78 ± 13	75 ± 13	0.06
DM (%)	24.4	46	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	6.0 ± 1.0	6.5 ± 1.1	< 0.001
FBG (mg/dL)	108 ± 47	122 ± 37	< 0.001
DL (%)	67.9	69.8	0.74
TG (mg/dL)	135 ± 96	118 ± 56	0.024
HDL-C (mg/dL)	57 ± 16	53 ± 15	0.051
LDL-C (mg/dL)	115 ± 32	104 ± 33	0.01
L/H	2.25	2.23	0.231
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)	146 ± 56	130 ± 36	< 0.001
CKD (%)	27	36.5	0.097
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	68.3 ± 16.0	65.9 ± 18.2	0.296
MetS (%)	24.7	31.7	0.225
VD	0.91 ± 1.09	1.60 ± 1.19	< 0.001
CAC score	228 ± 700	695 ± 1,364	0.009
Gensini score	10.9 ± 15.9	22.9 ± 26.2	0.002
Medications
ACEI/ARB (%)	35.8	47.6	0.057
CCB (%)	38.4	47.6	0.148
β-blocker (%)	8.7	11.1	0.492
DU (%)	8.3	12.7	0.242
Statin (%)	31.3	39.7	0.167
EPA (%)	2.9	1.6	1.00
SU (%)	5.7	20.6	< 0.001
α-GI (%)	2.2	4.8	0.17
Biguanide (%)	6.1	12.7	0.058
Thiazolizine (%)	2.3	6.3	0.069
DPP4I (%)	9.7	23.8	0.002
Insulin (%)	2.3	9.5	0.005

Table 2. Patient Characteristics in the Non-PAD and PAD Groups

Non-PAD group

PAD group

Non-PAD vs. PAD group

N = 1,245

N = 63

P value

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. PAD: peripheral artery disease; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBG: fasting blood glucose; DL: dyslipidemia; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L/H-C: a ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C; Non-HDL-C: total cholesterol minus HDL-C; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS: metabolic syndrome; VD: vessel disease; CACS: coronary artery calcium score; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DU: diuretic; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; SU: sulfonylurea; α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitor; DPP4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.

Age (years)

65 ± 12

70 ± 10

< 0.001

Gender (male) (%)

48.6

61.9

0.04

BMI (kg/m²)

24.0 ± 4.0

23.8 ± 4.5

0.86

BSA (m²)

1.6 ± 0.2

1.6 ± 0.19

0.94

Family history (%)

22.7

12.7

0.06

Smoking (%)

33.5

52.4

0.002

HTN (%)

64.5

79.4

0.016

SBP (mm Hg)

136 ± 19

141 ± 20

0.04

DBP (mm Hg)

78 ± 13

75 ± 13

0.06

DM (%)

24.4

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

6.0 ± 1.0

6.5 ± 1.1

< 0.001

FBG (mg/dL)

108 ± 47

122 ± 37

< 0.001

DL (%)

67.9

69.8

0.74

TG (mg/dL)

135 ± 96

118 ± 56

0.024

HDL-C (mg/dL)

57 ± 16

53 ± 15

0.051

LDL-C (mg/dL)

115 ± 32

104 ± 33

0.01

L/H

2.25

2.23

0.231

Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)

146 ± 56

130 ± 36

< 0.001

CKD (%)

36.5

0.097

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

68.3 ± 16.0

65.9 ± 18.2

0.296

MetS (%)

24.7

31.7

0.225

0.91 ± 1.09

1.60 ± 1.19

< 0.001

CAC score

228 ± 700

695 ± 1,364

0.009

Gensini score

10.9 ± 15.9

22.9 ± 26.2

0.002

Medications

ACEI/ARB (%)

35.8

47.6

0.057

CCB (%)

38.4

47.6

0.148

β-blocker (%)

8.7

11.1

0.492

DU (%)

8.3

12.7

0.242

Statin (%)

31.3

39.7

0.167

EPA (%)

2.9

1.6

1.00

SU (%)

5.7

20.6

< 0.001

α-GI (%)

2.2

4.8

0.17

Biguanide (%)

6.1

12.7

0.058

Thiazolizine (%)

2.3

6.3

0.069

DPP4I (%)

9.7

23.8

0.002

Insulin (%)

2.3

9.5

0.005

**Table 3.** LVMI in the Non-CAD/Non-PAD, CAD/Non-PAD, Non-CAD/PAD and CAD/PAD Groups
Group	LVMI
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. *P < 0.01, P < 0.05 vs. non-CAD/non-PAD group. CAD: coronary artery disease; PAD: peripheral artery disease; LVMI: left ventricular mass index.
Non-CAD/non-PAD	64.8 ± 17.9
CAD/non-PAD	71.1 ± 20.9**
Non-CAD/PAD	71.7 ± 26.7
CAD/PAD	77.3 ± 37.7*

Table 3. LVMI in the Non-CAD/Non-PAD, CAD/Non-PAD, Non-CAD/PAD and CAD/PAD Groups

Group

LVMI

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 vs. non-CAD/non-PAD group. CAD: coronary artery disease; PAD: peripheral artery disease; LVMI: left ventricular mass index.

Non-CAD/non-PAD

64.8 ± 17.9

CAD/non-PAD

71.1 ± 20.9**

Non-CAD/PAD

71.7 ± 26.7

CAD/PAD

77.3 ± 37.7*

**Table 4.** Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of Predictors for the Presence of CAD
	Univariable regression	Multivariable regression
CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; DL: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; CI: confidence interval.
Age	1.05	1.04 - 1.06	< 0.01	1.07	1.05 - 1.08	< 0.01
Male	1.92	1.54 - 2.4	< 0.01	1.97	1.46 - 2.65	< 0.01
BMI	0.986	0.959 - 1.01	0.348	0.979	0.945 - 1.01	0.227
HTN	2.55	2.01 - 3.22	< 0.01	1.59	1.15 - 2.19	< 0.01
ACEI/ARB	1.82	1.45 - 2.29	< 0.01	0.944	0.697 - 1.28	0.708
β-blocker	1.88	1.27 - 2.8	< 0.01	1.55	0.989 - 2.44	0.056
DL	1.71	1.35 - 2.16	< 0.01	1.7	1.29 - 2.24	< 0.01
DM	2.08	1.61 - 2.69	< 0.01	1.56	1.17 - 2.08	< 0.01
Family history of CAD	0.906	0.699 - 1.18	0.457	1.12	0.828 - 1.5	0.473
Smoking	1.5	1.19 - 1.89	< 0.01	1.35	1.01 - 1.8	0.043
CKD	1.58	1.24 - 2.02	< 0.01	0.871	0.651 - 1.17	0.354
LVMI	1.02	1.01 - 1.02	< 0.01	1.01	1.01 - 1.02	< 0.01

Table 4. Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of Predictors for the Presence of CAD

Univariable regression

Multivariable regression

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; DL: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; CI: confidence interval.

Age

1.05

1.04 - 1.06

< 0.01

1.07

1.05 - 1.08

< 0.01

Male

1.92

1.54 - 2.4

< 0.01

1.97

1.46 - 2.65

< 0.01

BMI

0.986

0.959 - 1.01

0.348

0.979

0.945 - 1.01

0.227

HTN

2.55

2.01 - 3.22

< 0.01

1.59

1.15 - 2.19

< 0.01

ACEI/ARB

1.82

1.45 - 2.29

< 0.01

0.944

0.697 - 1.28

0.708

β-blocker

1.88

1.27 - 2.8

< 0.01

1.55

0.989 - 2.44

0.056

1.71

1.35 - 2.16

< 0.01

1.7

1.29 - 2.24

< 0.01

2.08

1.61 - 2.69

< 0.01

1.56

1.17 - 2.08

< 0.01

Family history of CAD

0.906

0.699 - 1.18

0.457

1.12

0.828 - 1.5

0.473

Smoking

1.5

1.19 - 1.89

< 0.01

1.35

1.01 - 1.8

0.043

CKD

1.58

1.24 - 2.02

< 0.01

0.871

0.651 - 1.17

0.354

LVMI

1.02

1.01 - 1.02

< 0.01

1.01

1.01 - 1.02

< 0.01

**Table 5.** Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of Predictors for the Presence of PAD
	Univariable regression	Multivariable regression
PAD: peripheral artery disease; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; DL: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; CI: confidence interval.
Age	1.05	1.02 - 1.07	< 0.01	1.05	1.02 - 1.08	< 0.01
Male	1.72	1.02 - 2.9	0.041	1.05	0.556 - 1.97	0.885
BMI	0.993	0.928 - 1.06	0.837	0.997	0.923 - 1.08	0.938
HTN	2.12	1.14 - 3.94	0.018	1.22	0.58 - 2.58	0.597
ACEI/ARB	1.63	0.981 - 2.71	0.059	1.11	0.606 - 2.02	0.741
β-blocker	1.31	0.584 - 2.95	0.51	1.04	0.438 - 2.46	0.933
DL	1.1	0.632 - 1.9	0.743	0.977	0.547 - 1.74	0.937
DM	2.64	1.58 - 4.41	< 0.01	2.15	1.26 - 3.69	< 0.01
Family history of CAD	0.495	0.233 - 1.05	0.067	0.593	0.274 - 1.28	0.185
Smoking	2.18	1.31 - 3.63	< 0.01	2.22	1.21 - 4.09	0.01
CKD	1.56	0.919 - 2.64	0.1	1.01	0.569 - 1.81	0.967
LVMI	1.01	1.0 - 1.02	< 0.01	1.01	1.0 - 1.02	0.018

Table 5. Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of Predictors for the Presence of PAD

Univariable regression

Multivariable regression

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

Odds ratio

95% CI

P value

PAD: peripheral artery disease; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; DL: dyslipidemia; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; CI: confidence interval.

Age

1.05

1.02 - 1.07

< 0.01

1.05

1.02 - 1.08

< 0.01

Male

1.72

1.02 - 2.9

0.041

1.05

0.556 - 1.97

0.885

BMI

0.993

0.928 - 1.06

0.837

0.997

0.923 - 1.08

0.938

HTN

2.12

1.14 - 3.94

0.018

1.22

0.58 - 2.58

0.597

ACEI/ARB

1.63

0.981 - 2.71

0.059

1.11

0.606 - 2.02

0.741

β-blocker

1.31

0.584 - 2.95

0.51

1.04

0.438 - 2.46

0.933

1.1

0.632 - 1.9

0.743

0.977

0.547 - 1.74

0.937

2.64

1.58 - 4.41

< 0.01

2.15

1.26 - 3.69

< 0.01

Family history of CAD

0.495

0.233 - 1.05

0.067

0.593

0.274 - 1.28

0.185

Smoking

2.18

1.31 - 3.63

< 0.01

2.22

1.21 - 4.09

0.01

CKD

1.56

0.919 - 2.64

0.1

1.01

0.569 - 1.81

0.967

LVMI

1.01

1.0 - 1.02

< 0.01

1.01

1.0 - 1.02

0.018