Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 4, August 2023, pages 309-314

Retinal Vascular Density Change in Patients With Aortic Valve Regurgitation

Figure 1. (a) Section image shows structural OCT in the background and the superficial vascular plexus data as yellow overlay. (b) Macular perfusion parameters of a 6 × 6 mm angiography scan size of superficial vascular plexus. (c) The vessel density of five areas of interest, including the fovea (1 mm diameter) and temporal, inferior, nasal, and superior quadrants. OCT: optical coherence tomography.

**Table 1.** Demographic, Clinical, Laboratory and Echocardiographic Characteristics of Controls and Patients With AR
	Group 1 (n = 38)	Group 2 (n = 38)
Values are mean ± SD. *P ≤ 0.05. BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; Hb: hemoglobin; LVESD: left ventricle end systolic diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AR: aortic valve regurgitation.
Mean age (years)	48.13 ± 6.99	52.60 ± 14.80
Sex, n (%)
Female	17 (44.7)	17 (44.7)
Male	21 (55.3)	21 (55.3)
BMI (kg/m²)
Female	25.8	25.4
Male	26.6	26.7
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	88.50 ± 12.25	93.12 ± 11.52
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.94 ± 0.31	0.96 ± 0.28
LDL (mg/dL)	93.28 ± 15.79	90.84 ± 16.17
HDL (mg/dL)	44.53 ± 4.21	45.13 ± 4.66
TSH (µIU/mL)	1.59 ± 1.02	1.44 ± 0.99
Hb (g/dL)	13.1 ± 2.32	12.27 ± 2.26
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	122.65 ± 10.98*	142.34 ± 20.86*
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	78.26 ± 8.04*	74.03 ± 9.99*
LVESD (mm)
Female	38.93 ± 2.10	39.64 ± 1.99
Male	39.75 ± 1.91	39.68 ± 1.71
LVEDD (mm)
Female	49.11 ± 1.90*	53.47 ± 2.52*
Male	50.55 ± 2.15*	54.50 ± 2.90*
LVEF (%)
Female	60.80 ± 3.45	59.64 ± 5.85
Male	61.10 ± 3.81	60.43 ± 6.20
Intraocular pressure (mm Hg)	16.05 ± 3.13	14.55 ± 3.50
Spherical equivalent (D)	-0.71 ± 1.25	-0.49 ±1.59
Axial length (mm)	23.55 ± 0.98	23.35 ± 0.37

Table 1. Demographic, Clinical, Laboratory and Echocardiographic Characteristics of Controls and Patients With AR

Group 1 (n = 38)

Group 2 (n = 38)

Values are mean ± SD. *P ≤ 0.05. BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; Hb: hemoglobin; LVESD: left ventricle end systolic diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AR: aortic valve regurgitation.

Mean age (years)

48.13 ± 6.99

52.60 ± 14.80

Sex, n (%)

Female

17 (44.7)

Male

21 (55.3)

BMI (kg/m²)

Female

25.8

25.4

Male

26.6

26.7

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

88.50 ± 12.25

93.12 ± 11.52

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.94 ± 0.31

0.96 ± 0.28

LDL (mg/dL)

93.28 ± 15.79

90.84 ± 16.17

HDL (mg/dL)

44.53 ± 4.21

45.13 ± 4.66

TSH (µIU/mL)

1.59 ± 1.02

1.44 ± 0.99

Hb (g/dL)

13.1 ± 2.32

12.27 ± 2.26

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

122.65 ± 10.98*

142.34 ± 20.86*

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

78.26 ± 8.04*

74.03 ± 9.99*

LVESD (mm)

Female

38.93 ± 2.10

39.64 ± 1.99

Male

39.75 ± 1.91

39.68 ± 1.71

LVEDD (mm)

Female

49.11 ± 1.90*

53.47 ± 2.52*

Male

50.55 ± 2.15*

54.50 ± 2.90*

LVEF (%)

Female

60.80 ± 3.45

59.64 ± 5.85

Male

61.10 ± 3.81

60.43 ± 6.20

Intraocular pressure (mm Hg)

16.05 ± 3.13

14.55 ± 3.50

Spherical equivalent (D)

-0.71 ± 1.25

-0.49 ±1.59

Axial length (mm)

23.55 ± 0.98

23.35 ± 0.37

**Table 2.** SCPD, DCPD, CCPD and CMT Measurements
	Group 1 (n = 38)	Group 2 (n = 38)
Values are mean ± SD. *P ≤ 0.05. SCPD: superficial capillary plexus density; DCPD: deep capillary plexus density; CCPD: choriocapillaris plexus density; CMT: central macular thickness.
SCPD
Temporal	46.47 ± 2.28	45.13 ± 3.76
Nasal	45.39 ± 2.02*	43.64 ± 2.87*
Superior	48.99 ± 2.14	48.74 ± 6.50
Inferior	48.91 ± 2.77*	45.27 ± 3.65*
Central	18.78 ± 3.69*	17.00 ± 2.53*
DCPD
Temporal	46.21 ± 1.85	45.32 ± 3.44
Nasal	47.39 ± 2.65*	45.44 ± 3.64*
Superior	48.66 ± 8.51	49.77 ± 3.79
Inferior	50.61 ± 4.04*	47.08 ± 3.56*
Central	17.89 ± 3.43	17.40 ± 3.45
CCPD
Temporal	54.30 ± 2.38	54.31 ± 3.36
Nasal	54.04 ± 1.94	53.87 ± 2.78
Superior	53.00 ± 2.42	52.23 ± 5.58
Inferior	54.48 ± 2.94*	53.05 ± 3.02*
Central	55.00 ± 3.16*	52.69 ± 4.71*
CMT (µm)	242.78 ± 19.31*	229.50 ± 18.18*

Table 2. SCPD, DCPD, CCPD and CMT Measurements

Group 1 (n = 38)

Group 2 (n = 38)

Values are mean ± SD. *P ≤ 0.05. SCPD: superficial capillary plexus density; DCPD: deep capillary plexus density; CCPD: choriocapillaris plexus density; CMT: central macular thickness.

SCPD

Temporal

46.47 ± 2.28

45.13 ± 3.76

Nasal

45.39 ± 2.02*

43.64 ± 2.87*

Superior

48.99 ± 2.14

48.74 ± 6.50

Inferior

48.91 ± 2.77*

45.27 ± 3.65*

Central

18.78 ± 3.69*

17.00 ± 2.53*

DCPD

Temporal

46.21 ± 1.85

45.32 ± 3.44

Nasal

47.39 ± 2.65*

45.44 ± 3.64*

Superior

48.66 ± 8.51

49.77 ± 3.79

Inferior

50.61 ± 4.04*

47.08 ± 3.56*

Central

17.89 ± 3.43

17.40 ± 3.45

CCPD

Temporal

54.30 ± 2.38

54.31 ± 3.36

Nasal

54.04 ± 1.94

53.87 ± 2.78

Superior

53.00 ± 2.42

52.23 ± 5.58

Inferior

54.48 ± 2.94*

53.05 ± 3.02*

Central

55.00 ± 3.16*

52.69 ± 4.71*

CMT (µm)

242.78 ± 19.31*

229.50 ± 18.18*