Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 4, August 2022, pages 228-235

Atrial Fibrillation as a Prognostic Indicator in Patients With Orthostatic Hypotension: Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis

**Table 1.** Baseline Demographics, Comorbidities of Patients, Admitted for Orthostatic Hypotension (OH) With or Without Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
Variables	OH with AF (n = 2,987)	OH without AF (n = 7,643)	P value
SD: standard deviation; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD: end-stage renal disease.
Age (mean ± SD)	78.5 ± 10	71.6 ± 14	< 0.001
Sex (n, %)
Female	1,197 (40.1%)	3,624 (47.4%)	< 0.001
Male	1,790 (59.9%)	4,019 (52.6%)
Race (n, %)
White	2,474 (87.5%)	5,427 (76.5%)	< 0.001
Black	243 (8.6%)	1,149 (16.2%)
Hispanic	111 (3.9%)	521 (7.3%)
Type of insurance (n, %)
Medicare	2,632 (90.0%)	5,745 (77.0%)	< 0.001
Medicaid	84 (2.9%)	611 (8.2%)
Private insurance HMO	209 (7.1%)	953 (12.5%)
Self-pay	14 (0.5%)	166 (2.2%)
Comorbidities (n, %)
Hypertension	905 (30.3%)	3,299 (43.2%)	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	1,133 (37.9%)	2,871 (37.6%)	0.725
Congestive heart failure	1,263 (42.3%)	1,367 (17.9%)	< 0.001
Coronary artery disease	1,432 (47.9%)	2,481 (32.5%)	< 0.001
History of PCI or graft	443 (14.8%)	860 (11.3%)	< 0.001
History of cardiac arrest	20 (0.7%)	32 (0.4%)	0.096
COPD	644 (21.6%)	1,131 (14.8%)	< 0.001
Chronic kidney disease	1,182 (39.6%)	2,216 (29.0%)	< 0.001
Obesity	331 (11.1%)	811 (10.6%)	0.482
Hyperlipidemia	1,828 (61.2%)	4,087 (53.5%)	< 0.001
ESRD	147(4.9%)	314 (4.1%)	0.064
Alcohol use	103 (3.5%)	380 (5.0%)	0.001
Nicotine use	229 (7.7%)	951 (12.4%)	< 0.001
Charlson comorbidity index, (mean ± SD)	3.1 (2.1)	2.5 (2.1)	< 0.001
Hospital characteristics (n, %)
Teaching hospital	2,194 (73.5%)	5,708 (74.7%)	0.191
Non-teaching hospital	793 (27.6%)	1,935 (25.3%)
Median household income (n, %)
$1 - $45,999	720 (24.4%)	2,148 (28.5%)	< 0.001
$46,00 - $58,999	738 (25.0%)	1,923 (25.6%)
$59,000 - $78,999	761 (25.8%)	1,903 (25.3%)
≥ $79,000	731 (24.8%)	1,556 (20.7%)
Patient location (n, %)
Central counties of metropolitan areas > 1 million population	816 (27.4%)	2,268 (29.8%)	0.125
Fringe counties of metropolitan areas > 1 million population	829 (27.8%)	2,079 (27.3%)
Counites in metro areas of 250,000 - 999,9999 population	657 (22.0%)	1,595 (20.9%)
Counites in metro areas of 50,000 - 249,999 population	279 (9.4%)	723 (9.5%)
Micropolitan counties	225 (7.6%)	569 (7.5%)
Not metropolitan or micropolitan counties	175 (5.9%)	383 (5.0%)

Table 1. Baseline Demographics, Comorbidities of Patients, Admitted for Orthostatic Hypotension (OH) With or Without Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

Variables

OH with AF (n = 2,987)

OH without AF (n = 7,643)

P value

SD: standard deviation; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD: end-stage renal disease.

Age (mean ± SD)

78.5 ± 10

71.6 ± 14

< 0.001

Sex (n, %)

Female

1,197 (40.1%)

3,624 (47.4%)

< 0.001

Male

1,790 (59.9%)

4,019 (52.6%)

Race (n, %)

White

2,474 (87.5%)

5,427 (76.5%)

< 0.001

Black

243 (8.6%)

1,149 (16.2%)

Hispanic

111 (3.9%)

521 (7.3%)

Type of insurance (n, %)

Medicare

2,632 (90.0%)

5,745 (77.0%)

< 0.001

Medicaid

84 (2.9%)

611 (8.2%)

Private insurance HMO

209 (7.1%)

953 (12.5%)

Self-pay

14 (0.5%)

166 (2.2%)

Comorbidities (n, %)

Hypertension

905 (30.3%)

3,299 (43.2%)

< 0.001

Diabetes mellitus

1,133 (37.9%)

2,871 (37.6%)

0.725

Congestive heart failure

1,263 (42.3%)

1,367 (17.9%)

< 0.001

Coronary artery disease

1,432 (47.9%)

2,481 (32.5%)

< 0.001

History of PCI or graft

443 (14.8%)

860 (11.3%)

< 0.001

History of cardiac arrest

20 (0.7%)

32 (0.4%)

0.096

COPD

644 (21.6%)

1,131 (14.8%)

< 0.001

Chronic kidney disease

1,182 (39.6%)

2,216 (29.0%)

< 0.001

Obesity

331 (11.1%)

811 (10.6%)

0.482

Hyperlipidemia

1,828 (61.2%)

4,087 (53.5%)

< 0.001

ESRD

147(4.9%)

314 (4.1%)

0.064

Alcohol use

103 (3.5%)

380 (5.0%)

0.001

Nicotine use

229 (7.7%)

951 (12.4%)

< 0.001

Charlson comorbidity index, (mean ± SD)

3.1 (2.1)

2.5 (2.1)

< 0.001

Hospital characteristics (n, %)

Teaching hospital

2,194 (73.5%)

5,708 (74.7%)

0.191

Non-teaching hospital

793 (27.6%)

1,935 (25.3%)

Median household income (n, %)

$1 - $45,999

720 (24.4%)

2,148 (28.5%)

< 0.001

$46,00 - $58,999

738 (25.0%)

1,923 (25.6%)

$59,000 - $78,999

761 (25.8%)

1,903 (25.3%)

≥ $79,000

731 (24.8%)

1,556 (20.7%)

Patient location (n, %)

Central counties of metropolitan areas > 1 million population

816 (27.4%)

2,268 (29.8%)

0.125

Fringe counties of metropolitan areas > 1 million population

829 (27.8%)

2,079 (27.3%)

Counites in metro areas of 250,000 - 999,9999 population

657 (22.0%)

1,595 (20.9%)

Counites in metro areas of 50,000 - 249,999 population

279 (9.4%)

723 (9.5%)

Micropolitan counties

225 (7.6%)

569 (7.5%)

Not metropolitan or micropolitan counties

175 (5.9%)

383 (5.0%)

**Table 2.** Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Primary Outcomes of Patients With Orthostatic Hypotension and Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation
Outcomes	Univariate	Multivariate
CI: confidence interval; LOS: length of stay.
In-hospital mortality	3.2 (1.5 - 6.9)	0.003	2.1 (0.9 - 5.0)	0.090
Cardiac arrest	7.7 (2.5 - 23.9)	< 0.001	5.0 (1.4 - 18.2)	0.014
LOS, mean in days	0.4	< 0.001	0.2	0.054
Total charges	$1,877	0.016	$1,536	0.074

Table 2. Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Primary Outcomes of Patients With Orthostatic Hypotension and Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation

Outcomes

Univariate

Multivariate

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

CI: confidence interval; LOS: length of stay.

In-hospital mortality

3.2 (1.5 - 6.9)

0.003

2.1 (0.9 - 5.0)

0.090

Cardiac arrest

7.7 (2.5 - 23.9)

< 0.001

5.0 (1.4 - 18.2)

0.014

LOS, mean in days

0.4

< 0.001

0.2

0.054

Total charges

$1,877

0.016

$1,536

0.074