Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Review

Volume 12, Number 3, June 2021, pages 149-155

COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Diseases: Challenges and Solutions

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Various mechanisms of myocardial damage by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leading to cardiac manifestations.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. The varied cardiovascular manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.

Table

Table 1. The Incidence of Various Cardiovascular Presentations of COVID-19 in Published Literature
 
Clinical manifestationsIncidenceReference
Increased cardiac troponin15.8%[12]
Acute cardiac injury17% overall (59% in non-survivors vs. 1% in survivors)[4]
Heart failure23%[4]
Arrhythmias17%[5]
Hypercoagulable state71% in those who died and 0.6% in those who recovered[16]