Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 1, February 2021, pages 29-36

Predictability of Inpatient Mortality of Different Comorbidities in Both Types of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Analysis of National Inpatient Sample

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of Admitted Patients
	Median (interquartile range) or number (%)
IHD: ischemic heart diseases; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Age (years)	74 (62 - 84)
Sex
Male	58,525 (50.4)
Female	57,625 (49.6)
Race
White	77,318 (66.5)
Black	21,313 (18.3)
Hispanic	8,521 (7.3)
Asian or Pacific Islander	2,233 (1.9)
Native American	498 (0.4)
Other	2,538 (2.2)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	96,133 (82.7)
Chronic IHD	59,486 (51.2)
Diabetes mellitus	54,076 (46.5)
Atrial fibrillation/flutter	54,170 (46)
CKD	52,314 (45)
COPD	42,221 (36)
Obesity	27,359 (23.5)

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Admitted Patients

Median (interquartile range) or number (%)

IHD: ischemic heart diseases; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Age (years)

74 (62 - 84)

Sex

Male

58,525 (50.4)

Female

57,625 (49.6)

Race

White

77,318 (66.5)

Black

21,313 (18.3)

Hispanic

8,521 (7.3)

Asian or Pacific Islander

2,233 (1.9)

Native American

498 (0.4)

Other

2,538 (2.2)

Comorbidities

Hypertension

96,133 (82.7)

Chronic IHD

59,486 (51.2)

Diabetes mellitus

54,076 (46.5)

Atrial fibrillation/flutter

54,170 (46)

CKD

52,314 (45)

COPD

42,221 (36)

Obesity

27,359 (23.5)

**Table 2.** Correlations Between Inpatient Mortality and Different Clinical Characteristics
	Outcomes, frequency (%)	P value
IHD: ischemic heart diseases; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Age (mean rank)	70,558.94	57,730.99	< 0.001
Gender
Male	1,462 (2.5)	57,022 (97.5)	0.52
Female	1,406 (2.4)	56,172 (97.6)
Race
White	2,160 (2.8)	75,089 (97.2)	< 0.001
Black	300 (1.4)	20,997 (98.6)
Hispanic	163 (1.9)	8,356 (98.1)
Asian or Pacific Islander	67 (3)	2,166 (97)
Native American	13 (2.6)	485 (97.4)
Other	49 (1.9)	2,489 (98.1)
Hypertension
Yes	2,131 (2.2)	93,937 (97.8)	< 0.001
No	738 (3.7)	19,295 (96.3)
Chronic IHD
Yes	1,514 (2.5)	57,934 (97.5)	0.08
No	1,355 (2.4)	55,298 (97.6)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	1,143 (2.1)	52,893 (97.9)	< 0.001
No	1,726 (2.8)	60,339 (97.2)
Atrial fibrillation/flutter
Yes	1,672 (3.1)	52,450 (96.9)	< 0.001
No	1,197 (1.9)	60,782 (98.1)
CKD
Yes	12,819 (5)	244,420 (95)	< 0.001
No	13,008 (4.1)	303,566(95.9)
COPD
Yes	1,068 (2.5)	41,123 (97.5)	< 0.32
No	1,801 (2.4)	72,109 (97.6)
Obesity
Yes	417 (1.5)	26,926 (98.5)	< 0.001
No	2,452 (2.8)	86,306 (97.2)

Table 2. Correlations Between Inpatient Mortality and Different Clinical Characteristics

Outcomes, frequency (%)

P value

Died

Discharged alive

IHD: ischemic heart diseases; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Age (mean rank)

70,558.94

57,730.99

< 0.001

Gender

Male

1,462 (2.5)

57,022 (97.5)

0.52

Female

1,406 (2.4)

56,172 (97.6)

Race

White

2,160 (2.8)

75,089 (97.2)

< 0.001

Black

300 (1.4)

20,997 (98.6)

Hispanic

163 (1.9)

8,356 (98.1)

Asian or Pacific Islander

67 (3)

2,166 (97)

Native American

13 (2.6)

485 (97.4)

Other

49 (1.9)

2,489 (98.1)

Hypertension

Yes

2,131 (2.2)

93,937 (97.8)

< 0.001

738 (3.7)

19,295 (96.3)

Chronic IHD

Yes

1,514 (2.5)

57,934 (97.5)

0.08

1,355 (2.4)

55,298 (97.6)

Diabetes mellitus

Yes

1,143 (2.1)

52,893 (97.9)

< 0.001

1,726 (2.8)

60,339 (97.2)

Atrial fibrillation/flutter

Yes

1,672 (3.1)

52,450 (96.9)

< 0.001

1,197 (1.9)

60,782 (98.1)

CKD

Yes

12,819 (5)

244,420 (95)

< 0.001

13,008 (4.1)

303,566(95.9)

COPD

Yes

1,068 (2.5)

41,123 (97.5)

< 0.32

1,801 (2.4)

72,109 (97.6)

Obesity

Yes

417 (1.5)

26,926 (98.5)

< 0.001

2,452 (2.8)

86,306 (97.2)

**Table 3.** Multivariate Logistic Regression Model to Predict Inpatient Mortality of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
	N (admissions)	OR	99% CI for OR	P value
IHD: ischemic heart diseases; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Age	116,183	1.022	1.017 - 1.027	< 0.001
Race
White	77,318	1		Ref
Black	21,313	0.70	0.59 - 0.83	< 0.001
Hispanic	8,521	0.84	0.67 - 1.04	0.03
Asian or Pacific Islander	2,233	1.13	0.81 - 1.56	0.33
Native American	498	1.17	0.56 - 2.44	0.56
Other	2,538	0.79	0.54 - 1.16	0.12
Hypertension	96,133	0.53	0.47 - 0.60	< 0.001
Chronic IHD	59,486	0.99	0.90 - 1.10	0.97
Diabetes mellitus	54,076	0.88	0.79 - 0.98	0.003
Atrial fibrillation/flutter	54,170	1.27	1.14 - 1.41	< 0.001
CKD	52,314	1.66	1.50 - 1.85	< 0.001
Obesity	27,359	0.73	0.63 - 0.85	< 0.001

Table 3. Multivariate Logistic Regression Model to Predict Inpatient Mortality of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

N (admissions)

99% CI for OR

P value

IHD: ischemic heart diseases; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Age

116,183

1.022

1.017 - 1.027

< 0.001

Race

White

77,318

Ref

Black

21,313

0.70

0.59 - 0.83

< 0.001

Hispanic

8,521

0.84

0.67 - 1.04

0.03

Asian or Pacific Islander

2,233

1.13

0.81 - 1.56

0.33

Native American

498

1.17

0.56 - 2.44

0.56

Other

2,538

0.79

0.54 - 1.16

0.12

Hypertension

96,133

0.53

0.47 - 0.60

< 0.001

Chronic IHD

59,486

0.99

0.90 - 1.10

0.97

Diabetes mellitus

54,076

0.88

0.79 - 0.98

0.003

Atrial fibrillation/flutter

54,170

1.27

1.14 - 1.41

< 0.001

CKD

52,314

1.66

1.50 - 1.85

< 0.001

Obesity

27,359

0.73

0.63 - 0.85

< 0.001

**Table 4.** Multivariate Logistic Regression Model to Predict Inpatient Mortality of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Types
	HFrEF	HFpEF
HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection faction; IHD: ischemic heart diseases; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Age	1.02	1.01 - 1.02	< 0.001	1.03	1.02 - 1.03	< 0.001
Race
White	1		Ref			Ref
Black	0.63	0.51 - 0.78	< 0.001	0.78	0.56 - 1.03	0.02
Hispanic	0.80	0.60 - 1.06	0.04	0.89	0.64 - 1.25	0.38
Asian or Pacific Islander	1.02	0.65 - 1.60	0.92	1.30	0.81 - 2.10	0.14
Native American	1.22	0.50 - 2.95	0.55	1.06	0.29 - 3.95	0.89
Other	0.71	0.43 - 1.17	0.08	0.91	0.51 - 1.63	0.70
Hypertension	0.56	0.48 - 0.66	< 0.001	0.51	0.42 - 0.61	< 0.001
Chronic IHD	0.98	0.85 - 1.13	0.69	Not included in the model
Diabetes mellitus	0.93	0.81 - 1.08	0.22	0.84	0.71 - 0.99	0.006
Atrial fibrillation/flutter	1.25	1.09 - 1.44	< 0.001	1.29	1.10 - 1.51	< 0.001
CKD	1.75	1.51 - 2.01	< 0.001	1.57	1.35 - 1.83	< 0.001
Obesity	0.87	0.70 - 1.07	0.93	0.70	0.57 - 0.87	< 0.001
COPD	Not included in the model	1.241	1.06 - 1.44	< 0.001

Table 4. Multivariate Logistic Regression Model to Predict Inpatient Mortality of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Types

HFrEF

HFpEF

99% CI for OR

P value

99% CI for OR

P value

HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection faction; IHD: ischemic heart diseases; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

Age

1.02

1.01 - 1.02

< 0.001

1.03

1.02 - 1.03

< 0.001

Race

White

Ref

Black

0.63

0.51 - 0.78

< 0.001

0.78

0.56 - 1.03

0.02

Hispanic

0.80

0.60 - 1.06

0.04

0.89

0.64 - 1.25

0.38

Asian or Pacific Islander

1.02

0.65 - 1.60

0.92

1.30

0.81 - 2.10

0.14

Native American

1.22

0.50 - 2.95

0.55

1.06

0.29 - 3.95

0.89

Other

0.71

0.43 - 1.17

0.08

0.91

0.51 - 1.63

0.70

Hypertension

0.56

0.48 - 0.66

< 0.001

0.51

0.42 - 0.61

< 0.001

Chronic IHD

0.98

0.85 - 1.13

0.69

Not included in the model

Diabetes mellitus

0.93

0.81 - 1.08

0.22

0.84

0.71 - 0.99

0.006

Atrial fibrillation/flutter

1.25

1.09 - 1.44

< 0.001

1.29

1.10 - 1.51

< 0.001

CKD

1.75

1.51 - 2.01

< 0.001

1.57

1.35 - 1.83

< 0.001

Obesity

0.87

0.70 - 1.07

0.93

0.70

0.57 - 0.87

< 0.001

COPD

Not included in the model

1.241

1.06 - 1.44

< 0.001