Cardiol Res

Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 7, Number 1, February 2016, pages 17-24

Changes in Left Ventricular Global and Regional Longitudinal Strain During Right Ventricular Pacing

Figure 2. Scatter plot graph showing the relationship between global longitudinal strain (GLS) after 6 months and apical longitudinal strain at baseline (R = 0.622, P = 0.001). LS: longitudinal strain.

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of Studied Groups
Variables	Group A (n = 32)	Group B (n = 30)	P value
SD: standard deviation; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme. % is the percentage within the group. n means number of patients within the group.
Age in years, mean ± SD	61.1 ± 7.5	58.3 ± 7.1	0.18
Body mass index, mean ± SD	26.59 ± 3.19	26.35 ± 3.78	0.78
Male, n (%)	6 (30)	19 (63.3)	0.31
Female, n (%)	14 (70)	11 (36.7)
Smoking, n (%)	6 (30)	15 (50)	0.07
Diabetes, n (%)	4 (20)	5 (16.7)	0.67
Hypertension, n (%)	10 (50)	16 (53.3)	0.79
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	4 (12.5)	4 (13.3)	0.92
ACE inhibitors, n (%)	11 (34.3)	8 (26.6)	0.51
Beta blockers, n (%)	4 (12.5)	6 (20)	0.42
Calcium channel blockers, n (%)	4 (12.5)	1 (3)	0.18
Diuretics, n (%)	9 (28.1)	14 (46.6)	0.13
Insulin, n (%)	4 (12.5)	1 (3)	0.18
Metformin, n (%)	5 (15.6)	3 (10)	0.5
Gliclazide, n (%)	2 (6)	0	0.16
Glimpride, n (%)	1 (3.1)	4 (13.3)	0.14
Statin, n (%)	4 (12.5)	4 (13.3)	0.9

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Studied Groups

Variables

Group A (n = 32)

Group B (n = 30)

P value

SD: standard deviation; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme. % is the percentage within the group. n means number of patients within the group.

Age in years, mean ± SD

61.1 ± 7.5

58.3 ± 7.1

0.18

Body mass index, mean ± SD

26.59 ± 3.19

26.35 ± 3.78

0.78

Male, n (%)

6 (30)

19 (63.3)

0.31

Female, n (%)

14 (70)

11 (36.7)

Smoking, n (%)

6 (30)

15 (50)

0.07

Diabetes, n (%)

4 (20)

5 (16.7)

0.67

Hypertension, n (%)

10 (50)

16 (53.3)

0.79

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

4 (12.5)

4 (13.3)

0.92

ACE inhibitors, n (%)

11 (34.3)

8 (26.6)

0.51

Beta blockers, n (%)

4 (12.5)

6 (20)

0.42

Calcium channel blockers, n (%)

4 (12.5)

1 (3)

0.18

Diuretics, n (%)

9 (28.1)

14 (46.6)

0.13

Insulin, n (%)

4 (12.5)

1 (3)

0.18

Metformin, n (%)

5 (15.6)

3 (10)

0.5

Gliclazide, n (%)

2 (6)

0.16

Glimpride, n (%)

1 (3.1)

4 (13.3)

0.14

Statin, n (%)

4 (12.5)

4 (13.3)

0.9

**Table 2.** Conventional Echocardiography Parameters, Pacing and QRS Duration at Baseline and After 6 Months Follow-Up for Studied Groups
	Group	Mean	SD	P value
SD: standard deviation; TD: tissue Doppler imaging; cm: centimeter; ms: millisecond. % is the percentage within the group. *Significant P value.
Baseline
Ejection fraction (%)	Group A	59.06	4.37	0.12
Group B	61.40	4.88
Septal E by TDI (cm/s)	Group A	10.90	1.55	0.64
Group B	11.17	2.84
Lateral E by TDI (cm/s)	Group A	12.71	1.67	0.09
Group B	13.5	19.9
After 6 months
QRS duration (ms)	Group A	138.68	15.23	0.02*
Group B	122.23	24.97
Ejection fraction (%)	Group A	56.65	5.36	0.07
Group B	60.36	6.21
Septal E by TDI (cm/s)	Group A	10.78	1.56	0.75
Group B	10.96	2.96
Lateral E by TDI (cm/s)	Group A	11.92	1.90	0.12
Group B	12.66	1.86
Pacing percentage (%)	Group A	75.31	14.59	0.32
Group B	72.03	10.96

Table 2. Conventional Echocardiography Parameters, Pacing and QRS Duration at Baseline and After 6 Months Follow-Up for Studied Groups

Group

Mean

P value

SD: standard deviation; TD: tissue Doppler imaging; cm: centimeter; ms: millisecond. % is the percentage within the group. *Significant P value.

Baseline

Ejection fraction (%)

Group A

59.06

4.37

0.12

Group B

61.40

4.88

Septal E by TDI (cm/s)

Group A

10.90

1.55

0.64

Group B

11.17

2.84

Lateral E by TDI (cm/s)

Group A

12.71

1.67

0.09

Group B

13.5

19.9

After 6 months

QRS duration (ms)

Group A

138.68

15.23

0.02*

Group B

122.23

24.97

Ejection fraction (%)

Group A

56.65

5.36

0.07

Group B

60.36

6.21

Septal E by TDI (cm/s)

Group A

10.78

1.56

0.75

Group B

10.96

2.96

Lateral E by TDI (cm/s)

Group A

11.92

1.90

0.12

Group B

12.66

1.86

Pacing percentage (%)

Group A

75.31

14.59

0.32

Group B

72.03

10.96

**Table 3.** Comparison of Global and Regional Longitudinal Strain Between Studied Groups
	Group	Mean	SD	P value
SD: standard deviation; LS: longitudinal strain. % is the percentage within the group. *Significant P value.
Baseline
Average septal LS	Group A	-16.48	5.43	0.41
Group B	-16.18	3.93
Average lateral LS	Group A	-17.66	5.33	0.77
Group B	-18.01	4.19
Average anterior LS	Group A	-16.83	5.06	0.18
Group B	-18.52	4.82
Average inferior LS	Group A	-18.70	3.98	0.52
Group B	-19.29	3.24
Apical LS	Group A	-17.94	4.29	0.08
Group B	-16.92	4.31
Mid LS	Group A	-15.98	5.44	0.16
Group B	-17.83	4.93
Basal LS	Group A	-20.05	3.44	0.44
Group B	-20.71	3.25
Relative apical LS	Group A	0.45	0.13	0.78
Group B	0.51	0.11
Global LS	Group A	-16.90	5.35	0.19
Group B	-18.43	3.52
After 6 month
Average septal LS	Group A	-15.74	4.07	0.02*
Group B	-18.37	2.97
Average lateral LS	Group A	-15.68	4.99	0.9
Group B	-15.59	3.02
Average anterior LS	Group A	-15.28	5.40	0.1
Group B	-17.56	5.38
Average inferior LS	Group A	-18.57	3.68	0.5
Group B	-19.28	3.24
Apical LS	Group A	-15.32	3.74	0.03*
Group B	-16.99	2.10
Mid LS	Group A	-15.23	4.49	0.4
Group B	-16.76	4.14
Basal LS	Group A	-18.99	2.70	0.3
Group B	-19.66	2.71
Relative apical LS	Group A	0.39	0.11	0.03*
Group B	0.50	0.12
Global LS	Group A	-15.23	4.11	0.01*
Group B	-18.29	2.09

Table 3. Comparison of Global and Regional Longitudinal Strain Between Studied Groups

Group

Mean

P value

SD: standard deviation; LS: longitudinal strain. % is the percentage within the group. *Significant P value.

Baseline

Average septal LS

Group A

-16.48

5.43

0.41

Group B

-16.18

3.93

Average lateral LS

Group A

-17.66

5.33

0.77

Group B

-18.01

4.19

Average anterior LS

Group A

-16.83

5.06

0.18

Group B

-18.52

4.82

Average inferior LS

Group A

-18.70

3.98

0.52

Group B

-19.29

3.24

Apical LS

Group A

-17.94

4.29

0.08

Group B

-16.92

4.31

Mid LS

Group A

-15.98

5.44

0.16

Group B

-17.83

4.93

Basal LS

Group A

-20.05

3.44

0.44

Group B

-20.71

3.25

Relative apical LS

Group A

0.45

0.13

0.78

Group B

0.51

0.11

Global LS

Group A

-16.90

5.35

0.19

Group B

-18.43

3.52

After 6 month

Average septal LS

Group A

-15.74

4.07

0.02*

Group B

-18.37

2.97

Average lateral LS

Group A

-15.68

4.99

0.9

Group B

-15.59

3.02

Average anterior LS

Group A

-15.28

5.40

0.1

Group B

-17.56

5.38

Average inferior LS

Group A

-18.57

3.68

0.5

Group B

-19.28

3.24

Apical LS

Group A

-15.32

3.74

0.03*

Group B

-16.99

2.10

Mid LS

Group A

-15.23

4.49

0.4

Group B

-16.76

4.14

Basal LS

Group A

-18.99

2.70

0.3

Group B

-19.66

2.71

Relative apical LS

Group A

0.39

0.11

0.03*

Group B

0.50

0.12

Global LS

Group A

-15.23

4.11

0.01*

Group B

-18.29

2.09

**Table 4.** Correlation Between GLS and Different Variables at Baseline
Variables controlled for lead position	GLS at 6 months
GLS: global longitudinal strain; LS: longitudinal strain. *Significant P value.
QRS duration	0.352	0.03*
Apical LS at baseline	0.622	0.001*
Mid LS at baseline	0.233	0.07
Basal LS at baseline	0.189	0.29
Average anterior wall LS at baseline	0.218	0.09
Average inferior wall LS at baseline	0.209	0.1
Average lateral wall LS at baseline	0.216	0.09
Average septa wall LS at baseline	0.252	0.054

Table 4. Correlation Between GLS and Different Variables at Baseline

Variables controlled for lead position

GLS at 6 months

P value

GLS: global longitudinal strain; LS: longitudinal strain. *Significant P value.

QRS duration

0.352

0.03*

Apical LS at baseline

0.622

0.001*

Mid LS at baseline

0.233

0.07

Basal LS at baseline

0.189

0.29

Average anterior wall LS at baseline

0.218

0.09

Average inferior wall LS at baseline

0.209

0.1

Average lateral wall LS at baseline

0.216

0.09

Average septa wall LS at baseline

0.252

0.054