Cardiology Research, ISSN 1923-2829 print, 1923-2837 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, Cardiol Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.cardiologyres.org

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 3, June 2015, pages 278-282


Association Between a Ban on Smoking in a Hospital and the In-Hospital Onset of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Figure

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Association between non-smoking areas in a hospital and the in-hospital onset of AMI. Non-smoking areas throughout the building (stage 1, 2003 - 2006), smoking was banned throughout the entire hospital at the early (stage 2, 2007 - 2010) and late (stage 3, 2011 - 2014) phases.

Tables

Table 1. Patient Characteristics in All Patients
 
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DL: dyslipidemia; IHD: ischemic heart disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ACE-I: angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; Hb: hemoglobin; Cr: creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LMT: left main trunk; RCA: right coronary artery; LCX: left circumflex artery; CK: creatine kinase.
Patients, n25Anticoagulant, n (%)8 (32)
Age, years70 ± 9Hb, g/dL11.1 ± 2.9
Male, n (%)16 (64)Cr, mg/dL0.9 ± 0.3
Post-operation, n (%)10 (40)eGFR, mL/min/1.73m269 ± 25
Death, n (%)6 (24)TC, mg/dL189 ± 53
HTN, n (%)12 (48)TG, mg/dL108 ± 60
DM, n (%)12 (48)HbA1c, %7.5 ± 1.8
DL, n (%)5 (20)SBP, mm Hg130 ± 21
IHD p/s PCI, n (%)7 (26)DBP, mm Hg73 ± 12
Smoking, n (%)15 (56)Target vessels
MedicationLAD or LMT/LCX/RCA, n (%)15 (56)/5 (20)/3 (11)
  CCB, n (%)6 (22)PCI, n (%)17 (68)
  ACE-I/ARB, n (%)6 (22)Peak CK, IU/L2848 ± 2550
  β blocker, n (%)1 (4)
  Statin, n (%)4 (15)

 

Table 2. Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Survival and Death Groups After AMI
 
VariablesDeathSurvivalDeath vs. survival P value
Days: the days from hospitalization to onset of AMI; CK: creatine kinase; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; Hb: hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DL: dyslipidemia.
Patients, n619
Age, years76 ± 768 ± 90.10
Days10 ± 823 ± 290.29
Peak CK, IU/L5,768 ± 2,2341,954 ± 1,8550.0003
BMI, kg/m223 ± 222 ± 30.44
SBP, mm Hg139 ± 22127 ± 200.23
DBP, mm Hg74 ± 1272 ± 120.81
Hb, g/dL8.7 ± 2.911.8 ± 2.50.002
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m264 ± 3570 ± 220.60
HTN, n (%)3 (50)9 (47)0.91
DM, n (%)3 (50)9 (47)0.92
DL, n (%)1 (17)4 (21)0.82
Smoking, n (%)3 (50)12 (63)0.32
Operation, n (%)3 (50)8 (42)0.58

 

Table 3. Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Operation and Non-Operation Groups
 
VariablesOperationNon-operationOperation vs. non-operation P value
All abbreviations as in Table 2.
Patients, n1015
Age, years72 ± 1169 ± 80.43
Days23 ± 3117 ± 220.59
Peak CK, IU/L3,060 ± 3,1002,697 ± 2,1830.73
BMI, kg/m223 ± 321 ± 30.08
SBP, mm Hg130 ± 23129 ± 190.91
DBP, mm Hg72 ± 1574 ± 90.73
Hb, g/dL11.6 ± 1.910.6 ± 3.40.40
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m263 ± 1972 ± 280.37
HTN, n (%)6 (60)6 (40)0.35
DM, n (%)6 (60)6 (40)0.35
DL, n (%)4 (40)1 (7)0.04
Smoking, n (%)6 (60)9 (60)0.82

 

Table 4. Comparison of Patient Characteristics of the Smoking and Non-Smoking Groups
 
SmokingNon-smokingSmoking vs. non-smoking P value
All abbreviations as in Table 2.
Patients, n1510
Age, years69 ± 972 ± 90.52
Days24 ± 3112.5 ± 13.00.28
Peak CK, IU/L2,989 ± 2,7202,649 ± 2,4110.75
BMI, kg/m223 ± 322 ± 30.79
SBP, mm Hg128 ± 18133 ± 250.57
DBP, mm Hg71 ± 1275 ± 140.40
Hb, g/dL11.6 ± 3.010.1 ± 2.40.25
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m273 ± 2160 ± 290.24
HTN, n (%)7 (47)5 (50)0.87
DM, n (%)7 (47)5 (50)0.87
DL, n (%)5 (33)0 (0)0.04
Operation, n (%)6 (40)4 (40)1.00
Death, n (%)3 (20)3 (30)0.59